二段冷却与一段冷却对冷却肉损耗的影响

通过对应用一段冷却和二段冷却方法的冷却肉的冷却温度、损耗的测定和比较,得出二段冷却的冷却肉温度下降较快和肉质损耗低的结论。     

冷却肉储藏保鲜技术研究进展

本文概述冷却肉保鲜技术(防腐剂、气调贮藏、辐照技术等)的研究进展,分析各种保鲜方法的原理和特点,为提高冷却肉的储藏品质,延长其货架期提供理论依据。     

山羊IGFBP-3基因多态性与体重、屠体性状的关系

以波尔山羊及其杂交后代为实验材料,通过PCR-RFLP技术检测到每个群体均有X spⅠ多态,测序后发现A→G转换是导致出现多态性的原因。对该位点与体尺性状进行最小二乘分析时发现:该位点与断奶重和眼肌面积有关(P<0.05):AG型显著大于GG型(P<0.05),且有AG>AA>GG规律。     

真空包装冷却猪肉低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化

研究真空包装冷却猪肉经保鲜液处理或未经保鲜液处理，再分别经0 kGy、0.5 kGy、1 kGy和2 kGy低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化，进而确定最佳的辐照处理方式以延长冷却猪肉的货架期。结果表明：经2 kGy辐照的真空包装冷却猪肉在(3±1)℃下贮存21 d时，TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为20.17 mg/(100 g)、0.347 mg/kg、9.69%；而同样条件下，冷却猪肉首先用保鲜液处理，再经2 kGy辐照，其TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为17.43 mg/(100 g)、0.237 mg/kg和9.18%。试验说明保鲜液处理可以在一定程度上提高辐照效果。在本试验设定的辐照剂量范围内，随着辐照剂量的增加，冷却猪肉的色泽逐渐变红，当辐照剂量达到2 kGy时，冷却猪肉的色泽达到最佳的鲜红状态，而且在贮存过程中鲜红色泽始终保持稳定，但其TBA值比对照组高(α<0.05)，不过大大小于1.0 mg/kg的脂肪氧化酸败临界范围值。冷却猪肉经过保鲜液处理+真空包装+2 kGy剂量辐照+冷藏，可以最大程度地延长冷却猪肉的货架期。     

笼养肉仔鸡生产性能及其胴体品质影响因素的研究

该文采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,就笼底材料、饲养密度、不同性别组群下3～6周龄AA肉仔鸡的生产性能及其胴体品质进行研究。结果表明:竹竿和塑料笼底下肉仔鸡的胴体品质以及笼养密度11～14只／m~2下的生产性能较高,以塑料笼底、低密度和公鸡单饲组的肉仔鸡总增重最高,达1．82kg。笼底材料对增重、饲料转化率、屠宰率、腹脂率以及胸肌纤维直径没有影响,但铁丝笼底会导致胸囊肿发病率升高。高饲养密度下能显著降低肉鸡增重和饲．料转化率,但肉仔鸡的屠宰率有所增加;而低饲养密度有利于胸肌纤维直径的增加。单饲母鸡的腹脂率显著高于单饲公鸡和公母混群饲养鸡的腹脂率。     

不同气调包装方式的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物变化

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO₂+N₂)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存3周，每周测定各项微生物变化。结果表明：1)CO-MAP组可抑制腐败细菌的生长，除对乳酸菌抑制作用较弱外，对假单胞菌、肠杆菌科菌和热死环丝菌均具有很强的抑制作用     

The effect of life history events on carcass merit and price of cull dairy cows

Cull dairy cows contribute almost 10% of national beef production in the United States. However, different factors throughout the life of dairy cows affect their weight and overall body condition as well as carcass traits, and consequently affect their market price. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess relationships between price ratio and carcass merit of cull dairy cows sold through several sites of an auction market and (2) to investigate the effect of animal life history events and live weight on sale barn price (BP) and price ratio (as a measure of relative price), as an indicator of carcass merit. Data from 4 dairy operations included 3,602 cull dairy cow records during the period of 2015 to 2019. Life history events data were collected from each dairy operation through Dairy Comp software; live weight and price were obtained periodically from the auction market, and the carcass data were provided by a local packing plant. Cow price in dollars per unit of live weight ($/cwt) and price ratio were the 2 outcome variables used in the analyses. Price ratio was created aiming to remove seasonality effects from BP (BP divided by the national average price for its respective month and year of sale). The association between price ratio and carcass merit traits was investigated using canonical correlation analysis, and the effect of life history events on both BP and price ratio was inferred using a multiple linear regression technique. More than 70% of the cows were culled in the first 3 lactations, with an average live weight of 701.5 kg, carcass weight of 325 kg, and dressing percentage of 46.3%. On average, cull cows were sold at $57.0/cwt during the period considered. The canonical correlation between price ratio and carcass merit traits was 0.76, indicating that price ratio reflected carcass merit of cull cows. Later lactations led to lower BP compared with cows culled during the first 2 lactations. Injury, and leg and feet problems negatively affected BP. Productive variables demonstrated that the greater milk production might lead to lower cow prices. A large variation between farms was also noted. In conclusion, price ratio was a good indicator of carcass merit of cull cows, and life history events significantly affected sale BP and carcass merit of cull cows sold through auction markets.     

The Blonde d’Aquitaine T3811>G3811 mutation in the myostatin gene: association with growth,carcass, and muscle phenotypes in veal calves

The mutation T3811 → G3811 (TG3811) discovered in the myostatin gene of the Blonde d’Aquitaine breed is suspected of contributing to the outstanding muscularity of this breed. An experiment was designed to estimate the effect of this mutation in an F2 and back-cross Blonde d’Aquitaine × Holstein population. By genotyping all known mutations in the myostatin gene, it was ensured that the TG3811 mutation was indeed the only known mutation segregating in this population. Fifty-six calves (43 F2, 13 back-cross) were intensively fattened and slaughtered at 24.0 ± 1.4 wk of age. The effects of the mutation were estimated by comparing the calves with the [T/T] (n = 18), [T/G] (n = 30), and [G/G] (n = 8) genotypes. Highly significant substitution effects (P < 0.001), above + 1.2 phenotypic SD, were shown on carcass yield and muscularity scores. Birth weight (P < 0.001) was positively affected by the mutation (+0.8 SD) but not growth rate (P = 0.97), while carcass length (P = 0.03), and fatness (P ≤ 0.03) were negatively affected (–0.5 to –0.7 SD). The characteristics of the Triceps brachii muscle were affected by the mutation (P < 0.001), with lower ICDH activity (oxidative) and a higher proportion of myosin type 2X muscle fibers (fast twitch). The effects of the TG3811 mutation were similar to those of other known myostatin mutations, although the Blonde d’Aquitaine animals, which are predominantly [G/G] homozygous, do not exhibit extreme double muscling.     

Nutritional approaches to slow late finishing pig growth: implications on carcass composition and pork quality

Although pork producers typically aim to optimize growth rates, occasionally it is necessary to slow growth, such as when harvest facility capacity is limited. In finishing pigs, numerous dietary strategies can be used to slow growth so pigs are at optimal slaughter body weights when harvest facility capacity and/or access is restored. However, the impact of these diets on pork carcass quality is largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary strategies to slow growth in late finishing pigs and evaluate their effects on carcass composition and pork quality. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 897; 125 ± 2 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment): (1) Control diet representative of a typical finisher diet (CON); (2) diet containing 3% calcium chloride (CaCl₂); (3) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal (Corn); (4) diet deficient in isoleucine (LowIle); (5) diet containing 15% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from soybean hulls (15% NDF); and (6) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF). Over 42 d, pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected. Pigs were harvested in 3 groups (14, 28, and 42 d on feed) and carcass data collected. From the harvest group, 1 loin was collected from 120 randomly selected carcasses (20 loins/treatment) to evaluate pork quality traits. Overall, ADG was reduced in CaCl₂, Corn, and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). However, ADFI was only reduced in CaCl₂ and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was reduced in CaCl₂ and Corn pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Hot carcass weights were reduced in CaCl₂ pigs at all harvest dates (P < 0.001) and were reduced in Corn and 20% NDF pigs at days 28 and 42 compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In general, CaCl₂ and 20% NDF diets resulted in leaner carcasses, whereas the Corn diet increased backfat by 42 d on test (P < 0.05). Loin pH was reduced and star probe increased in CaCl₂ pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.05); no treatments differed from CON pigs regarding drip loss, cook loss, color, firmness, or marbling (P ≥ 0.117). Overall, these data indicate that several dietary strategies can slow finishing pig growth without evidence of behavioral vices. However, changes to carcass composition and quality were also observed, indicating quality should be taken into consideration when choosing diets to slow growth.     

The value of incorporating carcass trait phenotypes in terminal sire selection indexes to improve carcass weight and quality of heavy lambs

Genetic selection for carcass traits is paramount to maximize the profitability and long‐term sustainability of any meat‐producing livestock species. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the efficiency of indicator traits for the genetic improvement of lamb carcass traits and to determine the value of including carcass traits into terminal sire selection indexes for the Canadian sheep industry. The carcass traits included hot carcass weight (HCW), fat depth at the GR site (FATGR) and average carcass conformation score (AVGCONF), and were measured on heavy lambs (slaughter age less than 365 days and HCW greater than 16.3 kg) in commercial abattoirs. Growth traits were found to be moderately efficient indicator traits for the genetic improvement of HCW but selection on ultrasound traits was necessary to substantially improve the carcass quality traits (FATGR and AVGCONF). Economic selection indexes were designed by adding various combinations of carcass traits into the Canadian Sheep Genetic Evaluation System terminal indexes. Records measured on individuals and progeny were assumed to be the sources of information for live animal and carcass traits, respectively. The changes in index accuracy, efficiency and expected correlated response were used to assess the value of their inclusion. HCW was found to have a large economic value, and its inclusion into terminal selection indexes was expected to substantially increase their accuracy (0.08–0.12 points) and efficiency (20%–30%). However, further including FATGR (measured 110 mm from the carcass midline over the 12th rib) and AVGCONF had little impact on the accuracy (≤0.03) and efficiency (1%–7%) of the proposed indexes. Thus, the inclusion of carcass traits into the existing terminal selection indexes could be beneficial for the genetic improvement of HCW, but further research is needed to determine optimal methods of increasing carcass fatness and muscularity.